8. Brain Organoids

Concept: A new method for growing human brain cells in a lab.

Availability: Launched

Brain Organoids or Cerebral Organoids are organized aggregates of different cell types can take cell culture a step forward. The organoids are the brainchild of Madeline Lancaster, a postdoctoral researcher. The process of formation starts by taking off a single skin cell from an adult. Lancaster started by using a flat plate to “play” with neural stem cells. Sometimes, she says, “I’d get neural stem cells that wouldn’t really stay in 2-D, and they would kind of fall off the plate and they’d make 3-D clumps—and rather than ignoring them, I thought, ‘Those are cool—let’s see what happens if I let them keep growing.”What makes cerebral organoids particularly useful is that their growth mirrors aspects of human brain development. 

9. Supercharged Photosynthesis

Concept: Genetic tools to boost crop yields.

Availability: 10-15years

C4 photosynthesis accelerates plants growth by capturing carbon dioxide and concentrating it in specialized cells in the leaves. This activates the photosynthetic process. Researchers estimate that C4 photosynthesis into rice and wheat could increase yields per hectare by roughly 50 percent. Less water and fertilizer will be required for agriculture. Once scientists solve the C4 puzzle in a plant such as rice, they hope, the method can be extended to dramatically increase production of many other crops, including wheat, potatoes, tomatoes, apples, and soybeans.

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