Malicious cyber-attacks and lax cyber security protocols again led to massive breaches worldwide of personal information in 2018 and the largest was in India.

Rising geopolitical and geo-economic tensions are the most dangerous risk in 2019, with 90 per cent of experts saying they expect further economic confrontation between the major powers this year.

Environmental degradation is the long-term risk with four of the top five most impactful global risks this year related to climate.

These were the findings of the World Economic Forum's 14th edition of Global Risks Report 2019, which was released on Wednesday in London. The report comes in the run-up to the 2019 World Economic Forum meeting in Davos from January 22-25.

In India, the government ID database Aadhaar reportedly suffered multiple breaches that potentially compromised the records of all 1.1 billion registered citizens, it said.

It was reported in January that criminals were selling access to the database at a rate of Rs 500 rupees for 10 minutes, while in March a leak at a state-owned utility company allowed anyone to download names and ID numbers.

Elsewhere, personal data breaches affected around 150 million users of the MyFitnessPal application and around 50 million Facebook users.

The report said the world's ability to foster collective action in the face of urgent major crises has reached crisis levels, with worsening international relations hindering action across a growing array of serious challenges.

A darkening economic outlook, in part caused by geopolitical tensions, looks set to further reduce the potential for international cooperation in 2019, said the report.

The Global Risks Report, which incorporates the results of the annual Global Risks Perception Survey of approximately 1,000 experts and decision-makers, points to deterioration in economic and geopolitical conditions.

Trade disputes worsened rapidly in 2018 and the report warns that growth in 2019 will be held back by continuing geo-economic tensions, with 88 per cent of respondents expecting further erosion of multilateral trading rules and agreements.

If economic headwinds pose a threat to international cooperation, efforts will be further disrupted in 2019 by rising geopolitical tensions among the major powers, according to the report.

Eighty-five per cent of respondents to this year's survey said they expect 2019 to involve increased risks of "political confrontations between major powers".

The report discusses the risks associated with what we describe as a "multiconceptual" world order -- one in which geopolitical instabilities reflect not only changing power balances but also the increasing salience of differences on fundamental values.

"With global trade and economic growth at risk in 2019, there is a more urgent need than ever to renew the architecture of international cooperation. What we need now is coordinated, concerted action to sustain growth and to tackle the grave threats facing our world today," World Economic Forum President Borge Brende said in a statement.

In the survey's 10-year outlook, cyber risks sustained the jump in prominence they registered in 2018, but environmental risks continue to dominate respondents' concerns beyond the short term.

All five of the environmental risks the report tracks are again in the high-impact, high-likelihood category: biodiversity loss; extreme weather events; failure of climate-change mitigation and adaptation; man-made disasters; and natural disasters.

Environmental risks also pose problems for urban infrastructure and its development.

With sea levels rising, many cities face hugely expensive solutions to problems that range from clean groundwater extraction to superstorm barriers.

Relative sea-level rise poses the highest risks for the Krishna (India), Ganges-Brahmaputra (Bangladesh) and Brahmani (India) deltas.

In Bangladesh, a rise of 0.5 metres would result in a loss of about 11 per cent of the country's land, displacing approximately 15 million people.

The report says women often do not have the same freedom or resources as men to reach safety after natural disasters. In parts of Sri Lanka, Indonesia and India, men who survived the 2004 tsunami outnumbered women by almost three to one.

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